Objectives: Iran's Waste Management Law currently faces three key challenges: outdated definitions, ineffective governance structures, and excessive dependence on punitive approaches. The legislation does not adequately regulate emerging waste categories, including electronic and medical waste, nor does it incorporate modern technological solutions. These shortcomings negatively impact environmental protection, public health outcomes, and economic efficiency. Furthermore, the law fails to align with international waste management standards.Methods: To examine the law in detail, a content analysis method was used in three phases: (1) Coding (2) Thematic categorization, and (3) Gap analysis. A two-round Delphi method was utilized, engaging 15 experts (environmental health, lawyers, policy specialists, and waste management).Results: Proposed reforms should focus on four key areas: (1) establishing precise waste classifications, (2) enhancing inter-agency coordination mechanisms, (3) implementing incentive-based regulatory approaches, and (4) adopting advanced monitoring technologies. Such measures would create a progressive regulatory framework capable of addressing Iran's pressing environmental concerns while fulfilling its international commitments. Modernizing Iran's Waste Management Law represents an essential step in effectively managing current environmental challenges.Conclusion: Proposed reforms include refining waste classifications, improving inter-agency coordination, embedding incentive mechanisms, and adopting advanced technologies.